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Lee's six love styles: passion, play, friendship, practicality, intensity and giving

In 1973, Canadian sociologist John Alan Lee proposed, in the book "The Colors of Love", that people love in different ways and that these ways can be organized into six styles, in an analogy with the color wheel. Three are primary: Eros (passionate love, of attraction and intensity), Ludus (love as play, of lightness and freedom) and Storge (friendship love, which grows slowly). The other three are secondary, each a mix of two primaries: Mania (possessive and anxious, a mix of Eros and Ludus), Pragma (practical and planning-oriented, a mix of Ludus and Storge) and Agape (giving, a mix of Eros and Storge).

No style is the right one. Almost everyone has a bit of each, which is why the result here is a 6-axis chart and one profile among 18 possible ones, not a single label. The quiz shows your mix and where friction tends to arise with someone who loves another way. It is worth taking it as a couple too, comparing results: the interest lies in the differences, not in who "got the best style".

How the result is calculated and what its limits are

There are 6 sections, one per style, each with a bank of 9 items (6 agreement statements, one of them reverse-worded, and 3 single-choice scenarios), of which 4 are drawn each attempt: 24 questions per round, the same size as the short form of the Hendrick scale. Scenarios weigh on more than one style, which separates blended profiles (for example, Eros with Agape versus Eros with Mania). The six scores, from 0 to 100, are compared with 18 profiles by the shape of your chart and your overall level. A higher score always means more of the style (in the original scales, the direction is often the opposite).

The theoretical basis is Lee (1973), "The Colors of Love", and the psychometric operationalization by Hendrick and Hendrick (1986), "A theory and method of love", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 392-402, with the short form by Hendrick, Hendrick and Dicke (1998), "The Love Attitudes Scale: Short form", Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(2), 147-159. A Brazilian version exists: De Andrade and Garcia (2009), "Atitudes e crenças sobre o amor: versão brasileira da escala de estilos de amor", Interpersona, 3(1), 89-102. The items in this quiz are 100% original, written as general attitudes about love (not about "my current partner"), so they also work for people who are single. This rewrite has not been psychometrically validated.

This is not a clinical test, not couples therapy and does not predict the success of a relationship. Love styles are attitudes, and they change with the person, the stage of life and the relationship. Studies such as Davis and Latty-Mann (1987) associate Eros and Agape with higher satisfaction and Ludus with lower, but the results for Storge, Pragma and Mania are mixed, and couples with the same dominant style are not necessarily more satisfied. If jealousy or anxiety in a relationship is causing distress, talk to a psychologist.

Sample questions

  • How much do you agree? "When I am drawn to someone, physical attraction is the first thing I feel, and it is strong."
  • Someone you went out with once starts messaging you every day. How do you handle it?
  • How much do you agree? "The best love, to me, grows slowly, from a friendship that gains intimacy."
  • When choosing who to be with long term, what weighs most for you?
  • The person you like takes a whole day to reply. What happens to you?
  • How much do you agree? "I would give up something important to me if it helped the person I love have a better life."

All possible results

The Open Flame

To you, love without butterflies is not love

You love with your whole body. Attraction is your starting point, and you quickly recognize chemistry: the look that lingers a second too long, the urge to get closer, the feeling that the rest of the world has moved into the background. That makes you present, expressive and able to turn the beginning of a relationship into something memorable. Lee called this style Eros, passionate love, and it is what the Hendrick and Hendrick scale measures as intense romantic involvement. The thing to watch is what comes after the fire, when routine arrives and the natural intensity drops.

What to do with this result

The Free Player

Love is better with lightness and an open door

To you, love is also a game, and you like playing. Flirting, keeping a little mystery and not defining things too early is part of the pleasure, and you feel smothered when someone wants certainty before it is time. This style, which Lee called Ludus, does not mean a lack of feeling: many ludic people love truly, but freedom is a condition for feeling. The Hendrick and Hendrick scale describes this style as lower commitment and keeping options open. Your challenge is telling healthy autonomy from a flight from intimacy, because the person with you needs to know where they stand.

What to do with this result

The Soul Friend

The love that grows from friendship and learns to stay

Your love looks like deep friendship. You get involved slowly, prefer to know someone well before declaring yourself and trust what time confirms: companionship, easy laughter, shared routine, loyalty on ordinary days. This style, called Storge by Lee, tends to produce long, steady relationships, and it is what many people describe when they say they want "a best friend" by their side. There is wisdom in that, because passion varies and friendship holds. The risk is the relationship sliding into routine without anyone noticing, and desire, surprise and hard conversations being left for later.

What to do with this result

The Life Architect

Loving is also choosing well and building it right

You think of love as a construction. Before investing, you look at values, plans, routine, finances and how the person handles life, and you prefer a relationship that works in practice to one that only sparkles at the start. Lee called this style Pragma, practical love, and it tends to yield steady relationships, with expectations talked through and fewer reality shocks. It is not coldness: you feel, but you decide with a cool head. The care lies in remembering that affection can also be built and that a checklist is a map, not a destination, so you do not push away someone who could work out in a way you did not foresee.

What to do with this result

The Stormy Heart

Feels everything at full volume, including the fear of losing

Love moves you completely: thought, sleep, mood and the phone in your hand. When you care, you give yourself body and soul and want frequent signs that you are wanted, and a slow reply can shake your whole day. Lee called this style Mania, a mix of passion and insecurity, and the Hendrick and Hendrick scale measures it as jealousy and emotional dependence. This is not a character flaw: it often reflects fear of loss and a history of relationships in which affection seemed unstable. The work is in learning to calm yourself without depending on confirmation all the time, and in talking about what you feel without turning it into a demand.

What to do with this result

The Unconditional Giver

Loving is helping the other bloom

In you, loving means caring. Your first impulse is to ask what the other person needs, and watching someone bloom beside you gives more pleasure than being the center of attention. This is the style Lee called Agape: a giving love that puts the other's good first, without counting what comes back. It is a generous and almost always appreciated way of loving, and the Hendrick and Hendrick scale measures it as attention and giving toward the partner. The delicate point is the limit: someone who gives without pause can burn out, or attract someone who gets used to only receiving, and giving loses its freshness when it becomes an obligation.

What to do with this result

The Devoted Lover

Desire and care in the same gesture

You combine two rare forces: the passion that ignites and the giving that sustains. When you love, you desire the other person intensely and, at the same time, want to see them well, supported and fulfilled. It is the kind of love that makes someone feel chosen and cared for at once, and that is often behind relationships with both romance and tenderness on ordinary days. In studies of Lee's six styles, Eros and Agape are the ones that appear associated with greater relationship satisfaction (Davis and Latty-Mann, 1987). Your risk is the flip side of that attention: devoting yourself so much that little is left for you, or expecting the other to answer with the same intensity.

What to do with this result

Passion That Becomes Home

It starts with a spark and stays for friendship

You want both and know they complete each other: the butterflies and the comfort of having a best friend beside you. Your love tends to begin with attraction and, over time, gain the stability of a deep friendship, with shared routine, easy laughter and loyalty. It is one of the designs most cited when people talk about long, happy relationships: the spark that opens the door and the companionship that keeps the house standing. Your task is to protect both halves, because a relationship can lose desire through too much routine, or lose friendship through too much intensity, and you have the resources to avoid both.

What to do with this result

The Wildfire Romantic

Cinematic love: everything big, everything now

There is a lot of summer storm in how you love: a lot of passion and a lot of emotion. You fall deeply and fast, want to live everything intensely and feel joy and fear of loss with equal force. It is the design of someone who loves as in the movies, with declarations, dramatic reconciliations and conversations that last until dawn, and that brings unforgettable moments. Lee described Mania as the mix of Eros and Ludus that turns into dependence, and here it comes with a lot of passion. The cost is wear and tear: the roller coaster tires, and jealousy and anxiety can put out what is beautiful. Learning to regulate intensity is what turns a wildfire into a fireplace.

What to do with this result

The Adventurous Charmer

Loves the beginning, the chase and the freedom

You enjoy the liveliest part of love: the flirting, the chase, the first kiss, the novelty. Your energy is magnetic, and people are often drawn to your enthusiasm and your light way of taking life. This design joins the passion of Eros with the play of Ludus: you feel real attraction, but do not want to lose the freedom to keep choosing. None of this is a lack of feeling; it is a preference for intensity without strings. The challenge comes when the relationship asks for steadiness, intimacy and hard conversations, and the impulse is to seek another beginning. Knowing what you want, and saying it, is what protects the others and you.

What to do with this result

The Long-Haul Partner

Love as a partnership that works every day

You see a relationship as a life partnership. You look for someone to share bills, routine, projects and laughter with, and you value stability more than the glow of an intense beginning. It is the design of someone who builds slowly and carefully: trust before declaration, agreements before promises. This tends to give lasting, well-organized relationships in which both know what to expect. The points of attention are apparent coolness and excess predictability: people who love this way sometimes take a while to say what they feel, and the relationship can become competent and not very warm. An unexpected gesture and a word of affection are worth a lot.

What to do with this result

The Safe Harbor

Whoever loves you feels they have somewhere to return to

You are the kind of person who makes others feel at home. You combine the constancy of friendship with the care of someone who gives: you remember what the other likes, show up on bad days, feed no competition or games and love with patience. It is a design that brings security and comfort, and many people look for it without knowing how to name it. Your love has little drama and a lot of presence. Since care is often quiet, you may end up carrying more than you receive, and the other may take your devotion for granted. Learning to ask, and to make clear what matters to you, keeps this shelter standing for the person who builds it too.

What to do with this result

The Independent Strategist

Chooses with the head and keeps your own space

In love, you are careful and independent at once. You think about what you want, observe closely before committing and keep your own life: work, friends, projects and freedom. You combine the practical selection of Pragma with the lightness of Ludus, and so tend to avoid both drama and hasty commitment. It is a design that protects against disappointment, and that often works well with someone who also values autonomy. The risk is the relationship becoming a rational, not very intimate arrangement, in which fear of dependence prevents surrender. Ask yourself now and then whether you are protecting yourself from a bad choice or from the possibility of truly falling in love.

What to do with this result

All In, No Net

Gives everything and fears having nothing in return

You love with generosity and with a great deal of fear of loss. You give attention, time and affection, put the other's needs first and, at the same time, feel anxiety at any sign of withdrawal. This design combines the giving of Agape with the insecurity of Mania, which can create a delicate dynamic: the more you give, the more you need confirmation that you are wanted, and the more you expect something back, the more the gesture loses the lightness of a gift. It is not weakness; it is an intense way of attaching. The path is learning to give by choice and not out of fear, and to cultivate self-worth beyond the relationship.

What to do with this result

The Prudent Caregiver

Gives with method and with feet on the ground

Your care has a strategy. When you love, you help concretely: you solve the problem, organize life, remember the medicine, pay the bill, and you do it with feet on the ground and no drama. You combine the generosity of Agape with the objectivity of Pragma, which makes you someone to rely on in hard times. The challenge is that, sometimes, the other needs listening and expressed affection more than solutions, and your way of loving can be read as efficient and not very emotional. Saying in words what you feel, in addition to showing it through action, makes care complete and keeps the tenderness from going unnoticed.

What to do with this result

The Push and Pull

Moves close, pulls back, moves close again

High tide, low tide: you move close with eagerness and, when the relationship deepens, something fires and you pull back. Then, feeling the distance, the longing and the fear of having lost the person return, and you move close again. This is the contrast between the emotional intensity of Mania and the freedom of Ludus, and it tends to hurt both the person living it and the one beside them. It is often a protection: the wish for intimacy coexists with the fear of depending, and each impulse pulls in a different direction. Recognizing the cycle, without judging yourself, is already half the way, and talking about it with the other person takes away its power of surprise.

What to do with this result

The Versatile Lover

A bit of each color, and that is a strength

Your answers spread across the six colors of love, with no style dominating. You feel attraction, value friendship, think about the future, give of yourself and also want space, and how you love changes with the person and the moment. This is not indecision: it is flexibility. People with this design tend to adapt well to different partners and phases, and to understand other people's styles without finding them strange. The care is noticing what you yourself need, since a flexible profile can adjust so much to the other that it forgets to say what it wants. Watching which color lights up in each relationship reveals a lot about what each bond brings out in you.

What to do with this result

The Guarded Heart

Loves with caution and only shows it when sure

Your answers fell below the middle on almost all six colors, with a little more Ludus and Storge: you love with caution. You prefer to observe than to expose yourself, do not place much value on big declarations and protect your space. That may reflect a moment in life (focus on other areas, a recent relationship that hurt), a more contained temperament, or simply that romantic love is not at the center of your days right now. It is not a problem to be fixed. The point of attention is only that outsiders may mistake reserve for disinterest, so saying the little you feel, simply, already makes a difference.

What to do with this result

Frequently asked questions

No. None of the six styles is superior in itself. Research links Eros and Agape to higher satisfaction in many studies, but each style has strengths and points of attention, and satisfaction also depends on how partners fit together and communicate.