Why does the formula always add up to exactly 7 days of window, never more or less?
Because the math is fixed: 5 days before the ovulation day through 1 day after, plus the ovulation day itself, always 7 calendar dates, whatever cycle length is entered. Only the position of those 7 dates on the calendar changes between a 21-day and a 45-day cycle, the window's size never does.
Is the luteal phase always treated as 14 days in the formula?
Yes, it is a fixed assumption built into the subtraction: ovulation equals cycle length minus 14. The formula neither asks for nor uses any information about the person's actual luteal phase, it assumes that number for any accepted cycle, 21 to 45 days, and puts all the variation into the phase before ovulation.
Can a body sign contradict the date the formula shows?
Yes, because the formula only sees the number of days you typed, an average of past cycles. If the phase before ovulation runs shorter or longer in the current cycle, the real ovulation date shifts, but the calculator's result only changes when you type a new cycle length, it does not react to anything beyond that number.